แนวคิดการใช้ Machine Learning ในการหาหุ้นต่างประเทศในดวงใจโดยใช้ ข้อมูลจาก https://www.berkshirehathaway.com เป็นต้นแบบ
โพสต์แล้ว: จันทร์ พ.ค. 03, 2021 10:36 am
แนวคิดการใช้ Machine Learning ในการหาหุ้นต่างประเทศในดวงใจโดยใช้
ข้อมูลจาก https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/ เป็นต้นแบบ
หลักการและเหตุผล
เป้าหมายคือการหาหุ้นต่างประเทศในดวงใจ ผ่านการใช้ เทคโนโลยีในการค้นหา
เหตุผลในการเลือก berkshirehathaway.com เพราะเป็นกิจการที่ประสบความสำเร็จ
และมีข้อมูลต่อเนื่องยาวนาน ผ่านหลายช่วงวงจรเศรษฐกิจ มีข้อมูลที่สอดคล้องกับ
การใช้ NLP - Natural Language Processing (subset ของ Machine Learning & AI)
และ Sentiment Analysis (subset ของ NLP)
ตัวอย่าง https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/letters.html และ
https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/wesco/WescoHome.html
https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/Speci ... TMLtr.html
ที่สำคัญ เป็นบริษัท ที่มีคนสนใจมาก หากผลวิเคราะห์ผิดไปจากที่ควร ก็สามารถ มีผู้มาให้
ความเห็นได้
แนวทางเดินปัจจุบัน
1. ใช้เครื่องมือ Sentiment Analysis กับข้อมูลใน berkshirehathaway.com ที่มีลักษณะรายปี
2. ใช้ BERT กับ 10-K ของ berkshirehathaway.com
3. ใช้ FinBERT กับ 10-K ของ berkshirehathaway.com
4. ใช้ BERT กับ 10-K ของ บริษัท ลูก berkshirehathaway.com
5. ใช้ FinBERT กับ 10-K ของ บริษัท ลูก berkshirehathaway.com
6. หาความสัมพันธ์ของ คะแนน Sentiment Analysis แต่ละปี กับ ตัวเลขอื่นๆ เช่น ผลกำไร, GDP Growth, อัตราการว่างงาน .....
7. เมื่อหา แนวทางหรือมาตราฐานได้ระดับหนึ่ง แล้ว จึงนำไปมองหากิจการ ที่ มี คะแนน Sentiment Analysis ที่คล้ายกับต้นแบบ
เบื้องต้นอาจผ่าน 10-K
หมายเหตุ
เป็นโครงการที่ คิดไป ทำไป ปรับปรุงไป
สำหรับ สายเทคโนโลยี อาจใช้ FaceBooK เป็นต้นแบบ
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Insurance Underwriting Our insurance operation continued to grow significantly in 1977.
In aggregate, the insurance business has worked out very well.
The newest addition to our insurance group is Cypress Insurance Company of South Pasadena, California.
Insurance companies offer standardized policies which can be copied by anyone.
In its first full year of operation, earnings amounted to $8,782.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1977.html', 'Insurance Underwriting Our insurance operation continued to grow significantly in 1977.\nIn aggregate, the insurance business has worked out very well.\nThe newest addition to our insurance group is Cypress Insurance Company of South Pasadena, California.\nInsurance companies offer standardized policies which can be copied by anyone.\nIn its first full year of operation, earnings amounted to $8,782.',
Sentiment Score = 0.29374999999999996, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:05 , GMT']
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Operating earnings, exclusive of capital gains, at 19.4% of beginning shareholders’ investment were within a fraction of our 1972 record.
Neither this 25% equity gain from all sources nor the 19.4% equity gain from operating earnings in 1978 is sustainable.
Home and Automobile Insurance Company had its best year since John Seward stepped in and straightened things out in 1975.
In its first year as a subsidiary, Cypress Insurance Company, managed by Milt Thornton, turned in outstanding results.
It does not enter into our reported operating earnings, but we feel it well may have equal long-term significance to our shareholders.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1978.html', 'Operating earnings, exclusive of capital gains, at 19.4% of beginning shareholders’ investment were within a fraction of our 1972 record.\nNeither this 25% equity gain from all sources nor the 19.4% equity gain from operating earnings in 1978 is sustainable.\nHome and Automobile Insurance Company had its best year since John Seward stepped in and straightened things out in 1975.\nIn its first year as a subsidiary, Cypress Insurance Company, managed by Milt Thornton, turned in outstanding results.\nIt does not enter into our reported operating earnings, but we feel it well may have equal long-term significance to our shareholders.',
Sentiment Score = 0.4375, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:06 , GMT']
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We previously have carried such equity securities at the lower of aggregate cost or aggregate market value.
At yearend 1979, book value with equity holdings carried at market value was $335.85 per share.
Insurance Investments In recent years we have written at length in this section about our insurance equity investments.
Prospects Last year we said that we expected operating earnings in dollars to improve but return on equity to decrease.
We continue to feel very good about our insurance equity investments.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1979.html', 'We previously have carried such equity securities at the lower of aggregate cost or aggregate market value.\nAt yearend 1979, book value with equity holdings carried at market value was $335.85 per share.\nInsurance Investments In recent years we have written at length in this section about our insurance equity investments.\nProspects Last year we said that we expected operating earnings in dollars to improve but return on equity to decrease.\nWe continue to feel very good about our insurance equity investments.',
Sentiment Score = 0.10722222222222222, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:06 , GMT']
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In these cases, accounting rules dictate that the owning companies include in their earnings only dividends received from such holdings.
But when purchase prices are sensible, some long-term market recognition of the accumulation of retained earnings almost certainly will occur.
Our insurance companies will continue to make large investments in well-run, favorably-situated, non-controlled companies that very often will pay out in dividends only small proportions of their earnings.
The distributed portion, of course, finds its way into the table primarily through the net investment income section of Insurance Group earnings.
Thus, undistributed earnings applicable to this holding alone may amount to 40% of total reported operating earnings of Berkshire.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1980.html', 'In these cases, accounting rules dictate that the owning companies include in their earnings only dividends received from such holdings.\nBut when purchase prices are sensible, some long-term market recognition of the accumulation of retained earnings almost certainly will occur.\nOur insurance companies will continue to make large investments in well-run, favorably-situated, non-controlled companies that very often will pay out in dividends only small proportions of their earnings.\nThe distributed portion, of course, finds its way into the table primarily through the net investment income section of Insurance Group earnings.\nThus, undistributed earnings applicable to this holding alone may amount to 40% of total reported operating earnings of Berkshire.',
Sentiment Score = 0.07785714285714286, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:07 , GMT']
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Furthermore, the case says that since the equity capital position is associated with greater risk than passive forms of investment, it is “entitled” to higher returns.
But American equity capital, in aggregate, produces no value-added for individual investors.
But in no way are we immune from the pressures that escalating passive returns exert on equity capital.
Insurance Industry Conditions “Forecasts”, said Sam Goldwyn, “are dangerous, particularly those about the future.” (Berkshire shareholders may have reached a similar conclusion after rereading our past annual reports featuring your Chairman’s prescient analysis of textile prospects.)
We therefore strongly urged those nominees, mostly brokerage houses, to promptly transmit our letter to the real owners.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1981.html', 'Furthermore, the case says that since the equity capital position is associated with greater risk than passive forms of investment, it is “entitled” to higher returns.\nBut American equity capital, in aggregate, produces no value-added for individual investors.\nBut in no way are we immune from the pressures that escalating passive returns exert on equity capital.\nInsurance Industry Conditions “Forecasts”, said Sam Goldwyn, “are dangerous, particularly those about the future.” (Berkshire shareholders may have reached a similar conclusion after rereading our past annual reports featuring your Chairman’s prescient analysis of textile prospects.)\nWe therefore strongly urged those nominees, mostly brokerage houses, to promptly transmit our letter to the real owners.',
Sentiment Score = 0.09999999999999999, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:08 , GMT']
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Should the stock market advance to considerably higher levels, our ability to utilize capital effectively in partial- ownership positions will be reduced or eliminated.
At that time, such equity holdings amounted to about 15% of our insurance company investments versus the present 80%.
The acquirer who nevertheless barges ahead ends up using an undervalued (market value) currency to pay for a fully valued (negotiated value) property.
If 2X is issued for X, the imbalance still exists when both parts double in business value.)
Under such circumstances, the first blow is the loss of intrinsic business value that occurs through the merger itself.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1982.html', 'Should the stock market advance to considerably higher levels, our ability to utilize capital effectively in partial- ownership positions will be reduced or eliminated.\nAt that time, such equity holdings amounted to about 15% of our insurance company investments versus the present 80%.\nThe acquirer who nevertheless barges ahead ends up using an undervalued (market value) currency to pay for a fully valued (negotiated value) property.\nIf 2X is issued for X, the imbalance still exists when both parts double in business value.)\nUnder such circumstances, the first blow is the loss of intrinsic business value that occurs through the merger itself.',
Sentiment Score = 0.05714285714285715, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:08 , GMT']
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o We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give.
o We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value.
It is important to understand, however, that the two terms - book value and intrinsic business value - have very different meanings.
Book value tells you what has been put in; intrinsic business value estimates what can be taken out.
One of our goals is to have Berkshire Hathaway stock sell at a price rationally related to its intrinsic business value.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1983.html', 'o We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give.\no We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value.\nIt is important to understand, however, that the two terms - book value and intrinsic business value - have very different meanings.\nBook value tells you what has been put in; intrinsic business value estimates what can be taken out.\nOne of our goals is to have Berkshire Hathaway stock sell at a price rationally related to its intrinsic business value.',
Sentiment Score = 0.1625, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:09 , GMT']
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As we discussed last year, the gain in per-share intrinsic business value is the economic measurement that really counts.
The obvious point involves basic arithmetic: major repurchases at prices well below per-share intrinsic business value immediately increase, in a highly significant way, that value.
This upward revision, in turn, produces market prices more in line with intrinsic business value.
We remain unconventional in the degree to which we concentrate the investments of our insurance companies, including those in WPPSS bonds.
This concentration makes sense only because our insurance business is conducted from a position of exceptional financial strength.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1984.html', 'As we discussed last year, the gain in per-share intrinsic business value is the economic measurement that really counts.\nThe obvious point involves basic arithmetic: major repurchases at prices well below per-share intrinsic business value immediately increase, in a highly significant way, that value.\nThis upward revision, in turn, produces market prices more in line with intrinsic business value.\nWe remain unconventional in the degree to which we concentrate the investments of our insurance companies, including those in WPPSS bonds.\nThis concentration makes sense only because our insurance business is conducted from a position of exceptional financial strength.',
Sentiment Score = 0.18219696969696966, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:10 , GMT']
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The elimination of the discount means that Berkshire’s market value increased even faster than business value (which, itself, grew at a pleasing pace).
Over the long term there has been a more consistent relationship between Berkshire’s market value and business value than has existed for any other publicly-traded equity with which I am familiar.
I urge you to read those sections as well as Charlie Munger’s letter to Wesco shareholders, which starts on page 56.
The company’s intrinsic business value, however, was considerably less because the textile assets were unable to earn returns commensurate with their accounting value.
And its $100 million stock market valuation was published daily for all to see.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1985.html', 'The elimination of the discount means that Berkshire’s market value increased even faster than business value (which, itself, grew at a pleasing pace).\nOver the long term there has been a more consistent relationship between Berkshire’s market value and business value than has existed for any other publicly-traded equity with which I am familiar.\nI urge you to read those sections as well as Charlie Munger’s letter to Wesco shareholders, which starts on page 56.\nThe company’s intrinsic business value, however, was considerably less because the textile assets were unable to earn returns commensurate with their accounting value.\nAnd its $100 million stock market valuation was published daily for all to see.', Sentiment Score = 0.035416666666666666, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:11 , GMT']
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In our own case, however, book value has served for more than a decade as a reasonable if somewhat conservative proxy for business value.
That is, our business value has moderately exceeded our book value, with the ratio between the two remaining fairly steady.
Under current stock market conditions, we have little hope of finding equities to buy for our insurance companies.
A discussion of our reasons for preferring this form of presentation is in the Appendix to this letter.
o Dividend and interest income received by our insurance companies will be taxed far more heavily under the new law.
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end of Output
Remark : ข้อความที่ปรากฎ ใช้ เครื่องมือ Text.Summary ซึ่งใช้เพื่อสรุปเรื่องราว มิใช่จดหมายทั้งฉบับ
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ข้อมูลจาก https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/ เป็นต้นแบบ
หลักการและเหตุผล
เป้าหมายคือการหาหุ้นต่างประเทศในดวงใจ ผ่านการใช้ เทคโนโลยีในการค้นหา
เหตุผลในการเลือก berkshirehathaway.com เพราะเป็นกิจการที่ประสบความสำเร็จ
และมีข้อมูลต่อเนื่องยาวนาน ผ่านหลายช่วงวงจรเศรษฐกิจ มีข้อมูลที่สอดคล้องกับ
การใช้ NLP - Natural Language Processing (subset ของ Machine Learning & AI)
และ Sentiment Analysis (subset ของ NLP)
ตัวอย่าง https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/letters.html และ
https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/wesco/WescoHome.html
https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/Speci ... TMLtr.html
ที่สำคัญ เป็นบริษัท ที่มีคนสนใจมาก หากผลวิเคราะห์ผิดไปจากที่ควร ก็สามารถ มีผู้มาให้
ความเห็นได้
แนวทางเดินปัจจุบัน
1. ใช้เครื่องมือ Sentiment Analysis กับข้อมูลใน berkshirehathaway.com ที่มีลักษณะรายปี
2. ใช้ BERT กับ 10-K ของ berkshirehathaway.com
3. ใช้ FinBERT กับ 10-K ของ berkshirehathaway.com
4. ใช้ BERT กับ 10-K ของ บริษัท ลูก berkshirehathaway.com
5. ใช้ FinBERT กับ 10-K ของ บริษัท ลูก berkshirehathaway.com
6. หาความสัมพันธ์ของ คะแนน Sentiment Analysis แต่ละปี กับ ตัวเลขอื่นๆ เช่น ผลกำไร, GDP Growth, อัตราการว่างงาน .....
7. เมื่อหา แนวทางหรือมาตราฐานได้ระดับหนึ่ง แล้ว จึงนำไปมองหากิจการ ที่ มี คะแนน Sentiment Analysis ที่คล้ายกับต้นแบบ
เบื้องต้นอาจผ่าน 10-K
หมายเหตุ
เป็นโครงการที่ คิดไป ทำไป ปรับปรุงไป
สำหรับ สายเทคโนโลยี อาจใช้ FaceBooK เป็นต้นแบบ
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Output
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Insurance Underwriting Our insurance operation continued to grow significantly in 1977.
In aggregate, the insurance business has worked out very well.
The newest addition to our insurance group is Cypress Insurance Company of South Pasadena, California.
Insurance companies offer standardized policies which can be copied by anyone.
In its first full year of operation, earnings amounted to $8,782.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1977.html', 'Insurance Underwriting Our insurance operation continued to grow significantly in 1977.\nIn aggregate, the insurance business has worked out very well.\nThe newest addition to our insurance group is Cypress Insurance Company of South Pasadena, California.\nInsurance companies offer standardized policies which can be copied by anyone.\nIn its first full year of operation, earnings amounted to $8,782.',
Sentiment Score = 0.29374999999999996, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:05 , GMT']
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Operating earnings, exclusive of capital gains, at 19.4% of beginning shareholders’ investment were within a fraction of our 1972 record.
Neither this 25% equity gain from all sources nor the 19.4% equity gain from operating earnings in 1978 is sustainable.
Home and Automobile Insurance Company had its best year since John Seward stepped in and straightened things out in 1975.
In its first year as a subsidiary, Cypress Insurance Company, managed by Milt Thornton, turned in outstanding results.
It does not enter into our reported operating earnings, but we feel it well may have equal long-term significance to our shareholders.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1978.html', 'Operating earnings, exclusive of capital gains, at 19.4% of beginning shareholders’ investment were within a fraction of our 1972 record.\nNeither this 25% equity gain from all sources nor the 19.4% equity gain from operating earnings in 1978 is sustainable.\nHome and Automobile Insurance Company had its best year since John Seward stepped in and straightened things out in 1975.\nIn its first year as a subsidiary, Cypress Insurance Company, managed by Milt Thornton, turned in outstanding results.\nIt does not enter into our reported operating earnings, but we feel it well may have equal long-term significance to our shareholders.',
Sentiment Score = 0.4375, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:06 , GMT']
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We previously have carried such equity securities at the lower of aggregate cost or aggregate market value.
At yearend 1979, book value with equity holdings carried at market value was $335.85 per share.
Insurance Investments In recent years we have written at length in this section about our insurance equity investments.
Prospects Last year we said that we expected operating earnings in dollars to improve but return on equity to decrease.
We continue to feel very good about our insurance equity investments.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1979.html', 'We previously have carried such equity securities at the lower of aggregate cost or aggregate market value.\nAt yearend 1979, book value with equity holdings carried at market value was $335.85 per share.\nInsurance Investments In recent years we have written at length in this section about our insurance equity investments.\nProspects Last year we said that we expected operating earnings in dollars to improve but return on equity to decrease.\nWe continue to feel very good about our insurance equity investments.',
Sentiment Score = 0.10722222222222222, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:06 , GMT']
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In these cases, accounting rules dictate that the owning companies include in their earnings only dividends received from such holdings.
But when purchase prices are sensible, some long-term market recognition of the accumulation of retained earnings almost certainly will occur.
Our insurance companies will continue to make large investments in well-run, favorably-situated, non-controlled companies that very often will pay out in dividends only small proportions of their earnings.
The distributed portion, of course, finds its way into the table primarily through the net investment income section of Insurance Group earnings.
Thus, undistributed earnings applicable to this holding alone may amount to 40% of total reported operating earnings of Berkshire.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1980.html', 'In these cases, accounting rules dictate that the owning companies include in their earnings only dividends received from such holdings.\nBut when purchase prices are sensible, some long-term market recognition of the accumulation of retained earnings almost certainly will occur.\nOur insurance companies will continue to make large investments in well-run, favorably-situated, non-controlled companies that very often will pay out in dividends only small proportions of their earnings.\nThe distributed portion, of course, finds its way into the table primarily through the net investment income section of Insurance Group earnings.\nThus, undistributed earnings applicable to this holding alone may amount to 40% of total reported operating earnings of Berkshire.',
Sentiment Score = 0.07785714285714286, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:07 , GMT']
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Furthermore, the case says that since the equity capital position is associated with greater risk than passive forms of investment, it is “entitled” to higher returns.
But American equity capital, in aggregate, produces no value-added for individual investors.
But in no way are we immune from the pressures that escalating passive returns exert on equity capital.
Insurance Industry Conditions “Forecasts”, said Sam Goldwyn, “are dangerous, particularly those about the future.” (Berkshire shareholders may have reached a similar conclusion after rereading our past annual reports featuring your Chairman’s prescient analysis of textile prospects.)
We therefore strongly urged those nominees, mostly brokerage houses, to promptly transmit our letter to the real owners.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1981.html', 'Furthermore, the case says that since the equity capital position is associated with greater risk than passive forms of investment, it is “entitled” to higher returns.\nBut American equity capital, in aggregate, produces no value-added for individual investors.\nBut in no way are we immune from the pressures that escalating passive returns exert on equity capital.\nInsurance Industry Conditions “Forecasts”, said Sam Goldwyn, “are dangerous, particularly those about the future.” (Berkshire shareholders may have reached a similar conclusion after rereading our past annual reports featuring your Chairman’s prescient analysis of textile prospects.)\nWe therefore strongly urged those nominees, mostly brokerage houses, to promptly transmit our letter to the real owners.',
Sentiment Score = 0.09999999999999999, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:08 , GMT']
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Should the stock market advance to considerably higher levels, our ability to utilize capital effectively in partial- ownership positions will be reduced or eliminated.
At that time, such equity holdings amounted to about 15% of our insurance company investments versus the present 80%.
The acquirer who nevertheless barges ahead ends up using an undervalued (market value) currency to pay for a fully valued (negotiated value) property.
If 2X is issued for X, the imbalance still exists when both parts double in business value.)
Under such circumstances, the first blow is the loss of intrinsic business value that occurs through the merger itself.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1982.html', 'Should the stock market advance to considerably higher levels, our ability to utilize capital effectively in partial- ownership positions will be reduced or eliminated.\nAt that time, such equity holdings amounted to about 15% of our insurance company investments versus the present 80%.\nThe acquirer who nevertheless barges ahead ends up using an undervalued (market value) currency to pay for a fully valued (negotiated value) property.\nIf 2X is issued for X, the imbalance still exists when both parts double in business value.)\nUnder such circumstances, the first blow is the loss of intrinsic business value that occurs through the merger itself.',
Sentiment Score = 0.05714285714285715, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:08 , GMT']
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o We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give.
o We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value.
It is important to understand, however, that the two terms - book value and intrinsic business value - have very different meanings.
Book value tells you what has been put in; intrinsic business value estimates what can be taken out.
One of our goals is to have Berkshire Hathaway stock sell at a price rationally related to its intrinsic business value.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1983.html', 'o We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give.\no We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value.\nIt is important to understand, however, that the two terms - book value and intrinsic business value - have very different meanings.\nBook value tells you what has been put in; intrinsic business value estimates what can be taken out.\nOne of our goals is to have Berkshire Hathaway stock sell at a price rationally related to its intrinsic business value.',
Sentiment Score = 0.1625, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:09 , GMT']
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As we discussed last year, the gain in per-share intrinsic business value is the economic measurement that really counts.
The obvious point involves basic arithmetic: major repurchases at prices well below per-share intrinsic business value immediately increase, in a highly significant way, that value.
This upward revision, in turn, produces market prices more in line with intrinsic business value.
We remain unconventional in the degree to which we concentrate the investments of our insurance companies, including those in WPPSS bonds.
This concentration makes sense only because our insurance business is conducted from a position of exceptional financial strength.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1984.html', 'As we discussed last year, the gain in per-share intrinsic business value is the economic measurement that really counts.\nThe obvious point involves basic arithmetic: major repurchases at prices well below per-share intrinsic business value immediately increase, in a highly significant way, that value.\nThis upward revision, in turn, produces market prices more in line with intrinsic business value.\nWe remain unconventional in the degree to which we concentrate the investments of our insurance companies, including those in WPPSS bonds.\nThis concentration makes sense only because our insurance business is conducted from a position of exceptional financial strength.',
Sentiment Score = 0.18219696969696966, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:10 , GMT']
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The elimination of the discount means that Berkshire’s market value increased even faster than business value (which, itself, grew at a pleasing pace).
Over the long term there has been a more consistent relationship between Berkshire’s market value and business value than has existed for any other publicly-traded equity with which I am familiar.
I urge you to read those sections as well as Charlie Munger’s letter to Wesco shareholders, which starts on page 56.
The company’s intrinsic business value, however, was considerably less because the textile assets were unable to earn returns commensurate with their accounting value.
And its $100 million stock market valuation was published daily for all to see.
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['https://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/1985.html', 'The elimination of the discount means that Berkshire’s market value increased even faster than business value (which, itself, grew at a pleasing pace).\nOver the long term there has been a more consistent relationship between Berkshire’s market value and business value than has existed for any other publicly-traded equity with which I am familiar.\nI urge you to read those sections as well as Charlie Munger’s letter to Wesco shareholders, which starts on page 56.\nThe company’s intrinsic business value, however, was considerably less because the textile assets were unable to earn returns commensurate with their accounting value.\nAnd its $100 million stock market valuation was published daily for all to see.', Sentiment Score = 0.035416666666666666, '2021-05-03 , 02:54:11 , GMT']
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In our own case, however, book value has served for more than a decade as a reasonable if somewhat conservative proxy for business value.
That is, our business value has moderately exceeded our book value, with the ratio between the two remaining fairly steady.
Under current stock market conditions, we have little hope of finding equities to buy for our insurance companies.
A discussion of our reasons for preferring this form of presentation is in the Appendix to this letter.
o Dividend and interest income received by our insurance companies will be taxed far more heavily under the new law.
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